Jumat, 21 November 2014

Multiple Choice

Choose the appropriate options to complete the sentences

1. He saw his friend (go) out with Sue.
a. goes
b. went
c. gone
d. was going
e. going

2. The people (dance) in the street are all very friendly.
a. dances
b. dance
c. danced
d. dancing
e. was dancing

3. (look) down from the tower we saw many people walking in the streets.
a. looking
b. was looking
c. looks
d. looked
e. look

4. After the test, John realized that he  (to choose) the wrong answer to one of the questions.
a. choose
b. was choosing
c. had chosen
d. have chosen
e. choosing

5. Had I understood that you didn't have any money, I would (to give) you some.
a. were giving
b. had given
c. have given
d. given
e. giving

6. My uncle always has his car washing (wash) .
a.  washing
b. were washing
c. washed
d. had washed
e. have washed

7. The umbrella (find) at the bus
stop belongs to John Smith.
a. finds
b. finding
c. found
d. was finding
e. had found

8. The term track and field refers to athletic events ---- include foot races and jumping and throwing events.
a. where
b. that
c. whom
d. in which
e. of which

9. San Francisco, America's romantic city, has always been a haven for the artists and writers
---- have left at least part of their hearts there.
a. where
b. who
c. whom
d. whose
e. which

10. The moment ---- I learned the results of the art competition was one of the worst times in my
life.
a. which
b. when
c. where
d. why
e. who

11. The extent ---- the stock market is affected by the day-to-day pronouncements of the President
of the United States is astonishing.
a. of which
b. to which
c. whose
d. where
e. when

12.  Martin Stevenson, ---- children I have been looking after since i started the university in
London, is my history professor.
a. whom
b. who
c. whose
d. that
e. which

13. Mistletoe, ---- is believed to have magic powers, is traditionally hung over doorways
during the Christmas season.
a. that
b. whom
c. why
d. which
e. who

14. In many parts of the world, the grass ---- is called votive is known for its fragrant oil as well
as its ability to prevent soil erosion.
a. whose
b. where
c. why
d. when
e. which

15. The safe ---- we put our jewelry and other valuables were robbed by a group of professional
thieves last night.
a. in which
b. whom
c. that
d. when
e. whose



ESSAY!

In the sentences below, fill in the correct participles!
1. Steve was so ……………….. (fascinate) by the book that he finished it in one evening.
2. I felt sleepy because …………………… (to wake) up earlier than usual this morning.

Find out the  clauses in the following sentences and state what purpose they serve !
3. The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.
4. The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true .
5. In the early years of my boyhood, my parents coped very well in America.

Kamis, 20 November 2014

complaint letter


PT SABDA ALAM
119 Jl. Semarang, Banjarmasin
Kalimantan Selatan
INDONESIA


Your Ref         : AL/LA                                                                                       13th May, 2014
Our Ref           : GA/MA
PT NIAGARA
150 Jl. Soekarno-Hatta, Bandung 125467
Indonesia

Dear Sirs,
OUR ORDER NO. 123227
On 21st April, 2014 we have sent you an order for:
1.      20 pairs of wedges LAURENT fame size from 36-40
2.      50 pairs of high-heels ELIZABETH glamour heels size 36-40
3.      5 dozen VICTORIA dress size S-L
 for delivery by 2nd May, 2014 the latest, but the things have not arrived yet, we must ask you to dispatch them without further delay. Unless the goods are received within a week we would have to cancel our order.
            Please inform us by cable whether the shoes and dress have been dispatched and we can expect delivery.
Yours faithfully,
For PT SABDA ALAM


Galuh Ayu
          Purchase Manager

Sabtu, 08 November 2014

Phrase and Clause

PHRASE
          A phrase is two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb pair necessary to form a clause. Phrases can be very short or quite long. 

Here are two examples:
  • After lunch
  • After slithering down the stairs and across the road to scare nearly to death Mrs. Philpot busy pruning her rose bushes
          Certain phrases have specific names based on the type of word that begins or governs the word group: noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, infinitive phrase, participle phrase, gerund phrase, and absolute phrase.

Noun Phrases
          A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing—and the modifiers—either before or after—which distinguish it. The pattern looks like this:
optional modifier(s) + noun + optional modifier(s)

Here are some examples:
  • The shoplifted pair of jeans
Pair = noun; the, shoplifted, of jeans = modifiers.
  • A cat that refused to meow
Cat = noun; a, that refused to meow = modifiers.
  • A great English teacher
Teacher = noun; a, great, English = modifiers.

Noun phrases function as subjects, objects, and complements:
  • The shoplifted pair of jeans caused Nathaniel so much guilt that he couldn't wear them.
The shoplifted pair of jeans = subject.
  • Jerome adopted a cat that refused to meow.
A cat that refused to meow = direct object.
  • With her love of Shakespeare and knowledge of grammar, Jasmine will someday be a great English teacher.
A great English teacher = subject complement.

Verb Phrases
          Sometimes a sentence can communicate its meaning with a one-word verb. Other times, however, a sentence will use a verb phrase, a multi-word verb, to express more nuanced action or condition. A verb phrase can have up to four parts. The pattern looks like this:
auxiliary verb(s) + main verb + verb ending when necessary

Here are some examples:
  • Had cleaned
Had = auxiliary verb; clean = main verb; ed = verb ending.
  • Should have been writing
Should, have, been = auxiliary verbs; write = main verb; ing = verb ending.
  • Must wash
Must = auxiliary verb; wash = main verb.

Here are the verb phrases in action:
Mom had just cleaned the refrigerator shelves when Lawrence knocked over the pitcher of orange juice.
Sarah should have been writing her research essay, but she couldn't resist another short chapter in her Stephen King novel.
If guests are coming for dinner, we must wash our smelly dog!

Prepositional Phrases
          At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it. These are the patterns for a prepositional phrase:
preposition + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause
preposition + modifier(s) + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

Here are some examples:
  • On time
On = preposition; time = noun.
  • Underneath the sagging yellow couch
Underneath = preposition; the, sagging, yellow = modifiers; couch = noun.
  • From eating too much
From = preposition; eating = gerund; too, much = modifiers.

A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?

Read these examples:
The spider above the kitchen sink has just caught a fat fly.
Which spider? The one above the kitchen sink!
The librarian at the check-out desk smiles whenever she collects a late fee.
Which librarian? The one at the check-out desk!
The vegetables on Noel's plate lay untouched the entire meal.
Which vegetables? The ones on Noel's plate!
As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?
While sitting in the cafeteria, Jack catapulted peas with a spoon.
How did Jack launch those peas? With a spoon!
After breakfast, we piled the dirty dishes in the sink.
When did we ignore the dirty dishes? After breakfast!
Amber finally found the umbrella wedged under the passenger's front seat.
Where did Amber locate the umbrella? Under the passenger's front seat!

Infinitive Phrases
          An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will often include objects and/or modifiers that complete the thought. The pattern looks like this:
infinitive + object(s) and/or modifier(s)

Here are some examples:
To slurp spaghetti
To send the document before the deadline
To gulp the glass of water with such thirst that streams of liquid ran down his chin and wet the front of his already sweat-soaked shirt

Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look at these examples:
To avoid another lecture from Michelle on the benefits of vegetarianism was Aaron's hope for their date at a nice restaurant.
To avoid another lecture from Michelle on the benefits of vegetarianism functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence.
Cheryl plans to take microbiology next semester when Professor Crum, a pushover, is teaching the course.
To take microbiology next semester functions as a noun because it is the direct object for the verb plans.
The worst thing to happen during the severe thunderstorm was a lightning strike that fried Clara's computer.
To happen during the severe thunderstorm functions as an adjective because it modifies thing.
Ryan decided to mow the long grass on the front lawn to keep his neighbors from complaining to the homeowners association.
To keep his neighbors from complaining to the homeowners association functions as an adverb because it explains why Ryan mowed the lawn.

Participle Phrases
          A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle. If the participle is present, it will dependably end in ing. Likewise, a regular past participle will end in a consistent ed. Irregular past participles, unfortunately, conclude in all kinds of ways [although this list will help].
Since all phrases require two or more words, a participle phrase will often include objects and/or modifiers that complete the thought. The pattern looks like this:
participle + object(s) and/or modifier(s)

Here are some examples:
  • Flexing his muscles in front of the bathroom mirror
  • Ripped from a spiral-ring notebook
  • Driven crazy by Grandma's endless questions

Participle phrases always function as adjectives, adding description to the sentence. 
Read these examples:
The stock clerk lining up cartons of orange juice made sure the expiration date faced the back of the cooler.
Lining up cartons of orange juice modifies the noun clerk.
Elijah likes his eggs smothered in cheese sauce.
Smothered in cheese sauce modifies the noun eggs.
Shrunk in the dryer, the jeans hung above John's ankles.
Shrunk in the dryer modifies the noun jeans.

Gerund Phrases
          A gerund phrase will begin with a gerund, an ing word, and will often include other modifiers and/or objects. The pattern looks like this:
gerund + object(s) and/or modifier(s)

Gerund phrases look exactly like present participle phrases. How do you tell the difference? You must determine the function of the phrase.
Gerund phrases always function as nouns, so they will be subjects, subject complements, or objects in the sentence. 

Read these examples:
  • Washing our dog Gizmo requires strong arms to keep the squirming, unhappy puppy in the tub.
Washing our dog Gizmo = subject of the verb requires.

A good strategy for avoiding dirty dishes is eating every meal off of paper towels.
Eating every meal off of paper towels = subject complement of the verb is.
Susie tried holding the slippery trout, but the fish flipped out of her hands and splashed back into the stream.
Holding the slippery trout = direct object of the verb tried.

Absolute Phrases
          An absolute phrase combines a noun and a participle with any accompanying modifiers or objects. The pattern looks like this:
noun + participle + optional modifier(s) and/or object(s)

Here are some examples:
  • His brow knitted in frustration
Brow = noun; knitted = participle; his, in frustration = modifiers.
  • Her fingers flying over the piano keys
Fingers = noun; flying = participle; her, over the piano keys = modifiers.
  • Our eyes following the arc of the ball
Eyes = noun; following = participle; arc = direct object; our, the, of the ball = modifiers.

Rather than modifying a specific word, an absolute phrase will describe the whole clause:
His brow knitted in frustration, Thomas tried again to iron a perfect crease in his dress pants.
Francine played the difficult concerto, her fingers flying over the piano keys.
We watched Leo launch a pass to his fullback, our eyes following the arc of the ball.


CLAUSE
What is a clause?
          A clause is a part of a sentence. There are two main types: independent (main clauses), dependent (subordinate clauses).

1.                    Independent Clauses
          An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning.
For example: The door opened.

Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction to form complex or compound sentences.
Co-ordinating Conjunctions
and
but
for
or
nor
so
yet


 For example: Take two independent clauses and join them together with the conjunction and: " The door opened." "The man walked in." = The door opened and the man walked in. 

Dependent Clauses
          A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. They can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. They are usually joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.
Dependent clauses often begin with a a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (see below) that makes the clause unable to stand alone.
Subordinating Conjunctions
after
although
as
because
before
even if
even though
if
in order that
once
provided that
rather than
since
so that
than
that
though
unless
until
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
whether
while
why


Relative Pronouns
that
which
whichever
who
whoever
whom
whose
whosever
whomever
For example:
The door opened because the man pushed it.
Dependent clauses can be nominal, adverbial or adjectival.
a.       A nominal clause (noun clause) functions like a noun or noun phrase.
It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own and contains one of  the following: that | if | whether
For example: I wondered whether the homework was necessary.
Noun clauses answer questions like "who(m)?" or "what?"
b.   An adverbial clause (adverb clause) is a word or expression in the sentence that functions as an adverb; that is, it tells you something about how the action in the verb was done. An adverbial clause is separated from the other clauses by any of the following subordinating conjunctions: after | although | as | because | before | if | since | that | though | till | unless | until | when | where | while
For example: They will visit you before they go to the airport.
Adverbial clauses can also be placed before the main clause without changing the meaning.
For example: Before they go to the airport, they will visit you.
·         Note - When an adverb clause introduces the sentence (as this one does), it is set off with a comma.
c.   Adverb clauses answer questions like "when?", "where?", "why?"
An adjectival clause (adjective clause or relative clause) does the work of an adjective and describes a noun, it's usually introduced by a relative pronoun: who | whom | whose | that | which
For example: I went to the show that was very popular.
This kind of clause is used to provide extra information about the noun it follows. This can be to define something (a defining clause), or provide unnecessary, but interesting, added information (a non-defining clause).
For example: The car that is parked in front of the gates will be towed away. (Defining relative clause.)
Information contained in the defining relative clause is absolutely essential in order for us to be able to identify the car in question.
  • My dog, who is grey and white, chased the postman. ( Non-defining relative clause)
A non-defining relative clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If you take away the non-defining clause the basic meaning of the sentence remains intact.
For example: My dog chased the postman.
Adjective clauses answer questions like "which?" or "what kind of?"
An adjective clause functions as an adjective (modifies a noun or pronoun); an adverb clause functions as an adverb (describes a verb, adjective or other adverb); a noun clause is used as a noun (subject of a verb, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative or object of the preposition).
·         Note - The difference between a clause and a phrase is that a phrase does not contain a finite verb.


Relative Clauses
A relative clause follows the noun it modifies. It is generally indicated by a relative pronoun at the start of the clause, although sometimes you can tell simply by word order. The choice of relative pronoun, or choice to omit one, can be affected by the following:-
Human or Non-human?
We make a distinction between an antecedent that is a human — who(m) — and an antecedent which is a non-human — which.
Who(m) is used when the antecedent is a person.
That is used to refer to either a person or thing.
Which is used to refer to anything exept a person.
  • I met a man and a woman yesterday. The woman, who had long blonde hair, was very pretty.
  • The man she was with, was the man that / who won the race.
  • The race was the one that I lost.
  • The man, to whom the winnings were given, was with the woman who was very pretty.
Note - Whom is not used much in spoken English.
Restrictive or Non-restrictive?
Restrictive relative clauses are sometimes called defining relative clauses, or identifying relative clauses. Similarly, non-restrictive relative clauses are called non-defining or non-identifying relative clauses.
In English a non-restrictive relative clause is preceded by a pause in speech or a comma in writing, unlike a restrictive clause.
For example:-
The builder, who erects very fine houses, will make a large profit.
This example, with commas, contains a non-restrictive relative clause. It refers to a specific builder, and assumes we know which builder is intended. It tells us firstly about his houses, then about his profits.
The builder who erects very fine houses will make a large profit.
This second example uses a restrictive relative clause. Without the commas, the sentence states that any builder who builds such houses will make a profit.
Restrictive
Non-restrictive
Human
Nonhuman
Human
Nonhuman
Subject
who, that
which, that
who
which
Object
who, whom, that, Ø
which, that, Ø
who, whom
which
After preposition
whom
which
whom
which
Possessive
whose, of whom
whose, of which
whose, of whom
whose, of which